br Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives While postmort

Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives While postmortem human venlafaxine hydrochloride australia material is relatively sparse and has inherent limitations as discussed above, additional investigations could benefit from analysis of in vitro cellular models to corroborate findings in patient material. Generation of neuronal cultures derived from reprogrammed patient material will allow for integrated analysis of postmortem brain material and living cultures from the same individual or group of individuals, for example, carrying a similar genetic risk variant. This may reveal molecular mechanisms specific to a genetic subtype. Nevertheless, it will be challenging to mimic the effects of a senescent or degenerative central nervous system in vitro. Ongoing refinements in iPSC and organotypic culture and RNA sequencing methods could corroborate postmortem brain studies in AD by providing a living model of matching genetic background and cellular composition for in depth investigation of disease mechanisms in AD. Importantly, evaluation of potential therapeutic agents could be performed using in vitro cultures. The topological complexity in neuropathological vulnerability and transcriptional regulation in AD in the brain proposes a need to characterize in more detail the molecular mechanisms underlying disease susceptibility and progression. Additional experiments are warranted to elucidate local and regional brain cell (sub) type diversity in further detail to inform functional specialization of brain regions and regional susceptibility to disease. A comprehensive overview of cell-type-specific expression profiles in disease, and topological composition of cell types holds the potential to shed light on the diversity in brain deterioration and spread of neuropathology observed between AD patients.
Acknowledgments The research in the authors’ team is funded in part by the European Commission Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement No. 305299 (AgedBrainSYSBIO), the Flanders Impulse Program on Networks for Dementia Research, the Alzheimer Research Foundation (SAO-FRA), and the University of Antwerp Research Fund.
About this report 2017 Alzheimer's Disease Facts and Figures is a statistical resource for U.S. data related to Alzheimer's disease, the most common cause of dementia. Background and context for interpretation of the data are contained in the overview. Additional sections address prevalence, mortality and morbidity, caregiving, and use and costs of health care, long-term care and hospice. The Special Report (doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.02.006) examines what we have learned about the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease through research, and how we could identify and count the number of people with the disease in the future.
Overview of Alzheimer's disease Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative brain disease and the most common cause of dementia [1,2]. Dementia is a syndrome—a group of symptoms—that has a number of causes. The characteristic symptoms of dementia are difficulties with memory, language, problem-solving and other cognitive skills that affect a person's ability to perform everyday activities. These difficulties occur because nerve cells (neurons) in parts of the brain involved in cognitive function have been damaged or destroyed. In Alzheimer's disease, neurons in other parts of the brain are eventually damaged or destroyed as well, including those that enable a person to carry out basic bodily functions such as walking and swallowing. People in the final stages of the disease are bed-bound and require around-the-clock care. Alzheimer's disease is ultimately fatal.
Prevalence Millions of Americans have Alzheimer's or other dementias. As the size and proportion of the U.S. population age 65 and older continue to increase, the number of Americans with Alzheimer's or other dementias will grow. This number will escalate rapidly in coming years, as the population of Americans age 65 and older is projected to nearly double from 48 million to 88 million by 2050 [135]. The baby boom generation has already begun to reach age 65 and beyond [136], the age range of greatest risk of Alzheimer's; in fact, the first members of the baby boom generation turned 70 in 2016.