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br Author contribution br Acknowledgement br
2024-10-12
Author contribution Acknowledgement Introduction Since the initial finding of Gould et al. [1], showing the loss of dendritic spines in the hippocampus after ovariectomy and its rescue after treatment of the animals with estradiol, a tremendous number of studies have demonstrated a role of
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Autophagy is a self protecting cellular catabolic pathway th
2024-10-12
Autophagy is a self-protecting cellular catabolic pathway that degrades and recycles cytoplasmic contents for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis (Shao et al., 2016b). Macrophage autophagy plays an essential role in atherosclerosis by safeguarding Pirinixic Acid against oxidative stress, reducin
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GSK461364 Using the same techniques we found that UCP also
2024-10-12
Using the same techniques, we found that UCP3 also has a half-life of between 1 and 4h [117]. In GSK461364 to UCP2 and UCP3, UCP1 and ANT had much longer half-lives and could not be degraded in the cell-free reconstituted system, suggesting their degradation is not mediated by the cytosolic proteas
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2-Deoxycytidine Previous studies demonstrate that chiral bio
2024-10-12
Previous studies demonstrate that chiral biointerface has great influence on cells adhesion and proteins adsorption [39], [40], [41], [42], [43], which inspired us to further develop antimicrobial materials or surfaces by taking advantage of the “chiral taste” of microbes. L-borneol is a hydrophobic
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Angiogenesis refers to the formation of new blood vessels
2024-10-12
Angiogenesis refers to the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature [1]. Physiological angiogenesis is necessary for key processes such as wound healing, tissue regeneration and repair. In pathological conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, and other pat
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br Competing interests br Acknowledgments This
2024-10-11
Competing interests Acknowledgments This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (NRF-2014R1A4A1071040). Introduction Mitochondria occupy an important position as mediators of
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Akt is another upstream kinase
2024-10-11
Akt is another upstream kinase known to phosphorylate AMPK Ser489 in response to high insulin levels [7], [21]. HepG2 HATU show an increase in phosphorylation of AMPK at Ser485 when incubated with either insulin or troglitazone individually (Fig. 5A and C). Despite this concurrent increase, only ce
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Introduction AMP activated protein kinase AMPK is mainly kno
2024-10-11
Introduction AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is mainly known as a highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed energy sensor that is highly sensitive to changes in cellular energy levels (by sensing increases in AMP:ATP and ADP:ATP ratios) and makes appropriate adjustment to balance the consumpt
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The specific mechanisms underlying glutamine dependency are
2024-10-11
The specific mechanisms underlying glutamine dependency are still being explored, and current research indicates that the mechanisms likely vary between breast cancer subtypes. In HER2-positive breast cancer, increased levels of the transcriptional activator PGC-1α lead to expression of genes that m
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br Aldehyde sensors to monitor substrate levels Previous
2024-10-11
Aldehyde sensors to monitor substrate levels Previous efforts to ameliorate metabolic diseases frequently relied on biochemical methods which could measure the levels of toxic substrates in src inhibitor or bodily fluids (blood and serum or plasma, urine, cerebrospinal fluid). Therapeutic effort
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Curcumin is able to upregulate the protein level of NGF
2024-10-11
Curcumin is able to upregulate the protein level of NGF through cannabinoid receptor CB1, where the activation of Akt pathway probably plays an important part in the CB1-mediated signal transmission [9,10]. This finding suggested that the protection of curcumin in spinal motor neurons of SNI rats is
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While HTPCs are not immune cells they produce IL MCP
2024-10-11
While HTPCs are not immune cells, they produce IL-6, MCP-1 and other immunologically relevant factors (Mayer et al., 2016). Our results demonstrated that epinephrine and phenylephrine increased the mRNA expression levels of COX-2, IL-6 and MCP-1 in HTPCs without affecting the mRNA expression level o
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A decrease in lactate concentration in the incubation medium
2024-10-11
A decrease in lactate concentration in the incubation medium was observed in samples treated with heparin and 2′,5′-dideoxyadenosine compared with the control (0.05; Fig. 2B). Discussion In the present study we compared the oxidative metabolism and intracellular signals of heparin, the glycosami
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Oxidative stress has recently been reported as one of the
2024-10-11
Oxidative stress has recently been reported as one of the important mechanisms of toxic effect of Cd2+[43]. The mechanism of Cd2+-induced oxidative stress involves an imbalance between generation and removal of ROS in tissues and cellular components, causing damage to membranes, DNA, and proteins [4
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br There is evidence to suggest
2024-10-11
There is evidence to suggest that GMF activities are regulated in vivo by post-translational modification. indeed, there is strong precedent for ADF-homology family proteins being regulated in this manner. Cofilin is inhibited by phosphorylation of a serine residue at its N terminus. This residue
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